What is rafert method?
Rafert-Long Method – Ulnar Deviation
Scaphoid fractures account for 60% of all carpal bone injuries. In 1991, Rafert and Long describe this method of diagnosing scaphoid fractures using a four image, multi angle central ray series. The series is performed after routine wrist radiograph do not identify a fracture.
What is another name for the shoulder joint?
The glenohumeral joint is the one most people think of as the shoulder joint. It is formed where a ball (head) at the top of the humerus fits into a shallow cuplike socket (glenoid) in the scapula, allowing a wide range of movement.
What is the Stecher method used for?
Strecher Method is roentgenography of the carpal navicular bone. Bridgman Method is radiography of the carpal navicular bone.
What is Inferosuperior projection?
The inferosuperior axial view also known as a Lawrence view of the shoulder is a modified axial projection best utilized with supine patients. It is an orthogonal projection to the AP view and replaces the lateral shoulder projection.
What is the central ray for rafert long modification?
Central ray: For the Lawrence and Rafert Methods, on the medial plane, the central ray should be angled between 15 and 30 degrees medially depending on the degree of abduction of the arm and passing through the acromioclavicular joint.
How do you do velpeau view?
Patient position
- the patient is erect (or sitting) facing away from the table.
- the image receptor is placed on the table behind the patient beneath the shoulder.
- patient leans 30° backward toward the table (allowing for an axial view of the shoulder)
What are the 4 shoulder joints?
The shoulder girdle is composed of the clavicle and the scapula, which articulates with the proximal humerus of the upper limb. Four joints are present in the shoulder: the sternoclavicular (SC), acromioclavicular (AC), and scapulothoracic joints, and glenohumeral joint.
What are the 5 joints of the shoulder?
The shoulder complex comprises the glenohumeral joint, sternoclavicular joint, acromioclavicular joint, and the scapulothoracic articulation, and connects the upper limb to the trunk.
How can you tell the difference between AP and PA view of wrist?
Fig 3: Comparison between the PA and AP views of the wrist. In the former the ulnar styloid is seen as the most medial aspect of the ulna and the ECUG (arrow) is radial to the ulnar styloid. In the later (AP view) however, the ulnar styloid lies over the mid part of the ulnar head (orange arrow).
How do you get a perfect lateral wrist?
In regards to the lateral view of the wrist, place your index finger on the radius and your middle finger on the ulna. From there, rotate the wrist laterally with your fingers on the radius and ulna. You will know that you have a perfect lateral when your index and middle finger overlap (Fig. 1).
What is Fisk modification?
For the Fisk modification, flex the elbow with the posterior forearm on the the table and adjust the anterior or posterior leaning of the patient to place the humerus at an angle of 10-15 degrees. Central ray: The central ray should be 10-15 degrees posterior at the intertubercular groove.
What is a Lateromedial projection?
The lateromedial view (or LM view) is a supplementary mammographic view where the bucky is placed up against the sternum and the and film is taken in a true lateral projection. This view allows the medial breast to be closest to the film. This view allows the medial breast to be more carefully evaluated.
What are the 5 most common errors in radiology?
Match
- projection/technique errors (M)
- Exposure/processing errors.
- Film handling errors.
- Digital errors.
What are the 3 modes of operation in fluoroscopy?
There are two basic modes of operation for fluoroscopic systems: (1) fluoroscopy, which provides real-time imaging for positioning, which is generally not recorded and is relatively low in radiation dose, and (2) fluorography, which essentially uses the fluoroscopic imaging chain in a pulsed radiographic mode to record …
What is the purpose of the velpeau bandage?
n. A bandage used to support and immobilize an arm, with the forearm positioned obliquely across and upward on the front of the chest.
Why is Apicogram view done?
Getting this test done is for the following purposes: To diagnose tuberculosis or any other lung infection or disease. To diagnose any tumour or abnormal growth in the particular area. To diagnose any symptoms of a chronic disease such as COPD or Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.
What are the 3 muscles in the shoulder called?
Trapezius is responsible for elevating the shoulder blade and rotating it during arm abduction. Deltoid is responsible for flexion and medial rotation of the arm. It’s also responsible for arm abduction, extension, and lateral rotation. Pectoralis major is responsible for arm adduction and medial rotation of the arm.
What are 3 common shoulder injuries?
Common problems include:
- Sprains and strains.
- Dislocations.
- Separations.
- Tendinitis.
- Bursitis.
- Torn rotator cuffs.
- Frozen shoulder.
- Fractures (broken bones)
What are the 7 movements of the shoulder?
The human shoulder is the most mobile joint in the body. This mobility provides the upper extremity with tremendous range of motion such as adduction, abduction, flexion, extension, internal rotation, external rotation, and 360° circumduction in the sagittal plane.
What are the 4 muscles of the rotator cuff?
Parts of the Rotator Cuff
- Supraspinatus controls internal rotation and lifting of the arm.
- Infraspinatus allows you to externally rotate your arm in the shoulder socket.
- Teres minor is a small muscle that helps rotate your arm.
- Subscapularis controls arm abduction (holding your arm out straight, away from your body).
Why would a PA wrist or PA hand be performed for bone age?
Radiographs of the hand and wrist are suitable for bone age assessment because the hand and wrist possess many bones and taking radiographs of the hand and wrist is easy. There are several reasons for using left hand and wrist radiographs for bone age assessment rather than right hand and wrist radiographs.
What is PA and AP view in xray?
AP, X-ray: An X-ray picture in which the beams pass from front-to-back (anteroposterior). As opposed to a PA (posteroanterior) film in which the rays pass through the body from back-to-front.
What are the 4 ranges of motion of the wrist?
Movement at both the radiocarpal and midcarpal joints is necessary to achieve the full range of motion (ROM) of the wrist, which has been classified as a condyloid joint with 2 degrees of freedom. Motions present at the wrist include flexion, extension, abduction (radial deviation), and adduction (ulnar deviation).
What are the 7 movements of the wrist?
Movements of the wrist include abduction, adduction, extension, and flexion. Movements of the fingers and thumb include abduction, adduction, extension, and flexion. Rotation of the thumb and little finger allows for opposition.
What is a scapular Y view?
The “Y” of this view is formed by the scapula’s body, spine, and coracoid process. The glenoid normally falls in the center of the “Y” and is obscured by the humeral head. In this x-ray an anterior dislocation is present, and the humeral head appears anterior to the “Y”.